Edebiyatta Hayvan Araştırmaları: Bir mi Birden Fazla mı?

Susan  McHugh; Ece  Alparslan; Cevat  Sucu

Çeviri Makale

Sayı 1

Edebiyatta Hayvan Araştırmaları: Bir mi Birden Fazla mı?

Susan McHugh⁺⁻
Ece Alparslan⁺⁻
Cevat Sucu⁺⁻

PDF

Gönderildi: 3 Haziran 2022
Yayınlanmış: 28.10.2021

Özet

Bu makale, edebiyatta hayvan temsillerinin tekil bir bakış açısından mı, yoksa çoğul yöntemlerle mi incelenmesi gerektiğini sorgular. McHugh, hayvan çalışmalarının yükselişiyle edebiyat eleştirisinin hayvanları yalnızca insanın metaforu olarak görmekten çıkıp, onların tarihsel, kültürel ve etik bağlamlarını araştırmaya yöneldiğini vurgular. Yazar, romantik dönemden günümüze kadar hayvan metaforlarının estetik, duygusal ve politik işlevlerini örneklerle tartışır. T.S. Eliot’tan Marianne Moore’a kadar farklı şair ve yazarların eserlerinde hayvan metaforu kimi zaman insanın bilgisini sorgulamak, kimi zaman ahlaki dönüşüm çağrısı yapmak için kullanılmıştır. Bununla birlikte postyapısalcı ve dekonstrüktif yaklaşımlar, hayvan temsillerinin sabit anlamlara indirgenmesini eleştirerek, hayvan anlatılarının insan kimliği, türler arası sınırlar ve disipliner bilgi biçimleri üzerindeki etkilerini görünür kılar. McHugh’a göre edebiyat alanında tek bir yöntem veya ortak bir yaklaşımın olmayışı, hayvan temsillerinin çok yönlü biçimlerde ele alınmasına ve disiplinler arası eleştirinin zenginleşmesine olanak tanır. Bu çeşitlilik, hem edebiyat tarihini hem de insan-hayvan ilişkilerine dair kavrayışları dönüştürmektedir.

Referanslar

Allen, Mary. Animals in American Literature. Urbana: U of Illinois P, 1983.
Berger, John. “Why Look at Animals?” About Looking. London: Writers and Readers, 1980: 1-26.
Deleuze, Gilles and Félix Guattari. A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Trans. Brian Masssumi. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1987.
Eagleton, Terry. Literary Theory: An Introduction. Second Edition. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1996.
Elliot, T. S. “Tradition and the Individual Talent.” The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism. Ed. Vincent B. Leitch et al. New York: Norton, 2001: 1092-98.
Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality, Volume 1: An Introduction. Trans. Robert Hurley. New York: Random House, 1978.
Fudge, Erica. “The History of Animals.” Ruminations 1. H-Animal. Published: May 26, 2006.
———. Perceiving Animals: Humans and Beasts in Early Modern English Culture. New York: St. Martin’s P, 2000.
Hall, Stuart. “Cultural Studies and Its Theoretical Legacies.” The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism. Ed. Vincent B. Leitch et al. New York: Norton, 2001. 1898-1910.
Jameson, Fredric. The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1981.
Kenyon-Jones, Christine. Kindred Brutes: Animals in Romantic-Period Writing. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2001.
Lippit, Akira. Electric Animal: Toward a Rhetoric of Wildlife. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 2000.
Malamud, Randy. Poetic Animals and Animal Souls. New York: Palgrave, 2003.
———. Reading Zoos: Representations of Animals and Captivity. New York: New York UP, 1998.
Mason, Jennifer. Civilized Creatures: Urban Animals, Sentimental Culture, and American Literature, 1850-1900. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 2005.
McKay, Robert. “BSE, Hysteria, and the Representation of Animal Death: Deborah Levy’s Diary of a Steak.” Killing Animals. The Animal Studies Group. Urbana: U of Illinois P, 2006. 145-69.
Nelson, Barney. The Wild and the Domestic: Animal Representation, Ecocriticism, and Western American Literature. Reno: U of Nevada P, 2000.
Norris, Margot. Beasts of the Modern Imagination: Darwin, Kafka, Nietzsche, Ernst, and Lawrence. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1985.
Poe, Edgar Allen. “The Philosophy of Composition.” 1846. The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism. Ed. Vincent B. Leitch et al. New York: Norton, 2001: 742-50.
Rothfels, Nigel. Savages and Beasts: The Birth of the Modern Zoo. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 2002.
Shapiro, Kenneth, and Marion Copeland. “Toward a Critical Theory of Animal Issues in Fiction.” Society & Animals 13.4 (2005): 343-46.
Shelley, Percy Bysshe. “A Defence of Poetry, or Remarks Suggested by an Essay Entitled ‘The Four Ages of Poetry.” 1821. The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism. Ed. Vincent B. Leitch et al. New York: Norton, 2001: 699-717.
Scholtmeijer, Marion. Animal Victims in Modern Fiction: From Sanctity to Sacrifice. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1993.
Seago, Karen and Karla Armbruster. Editor’s Introduction. Literary Beasts: The Representation of Animals in Contemporary Literature. Spec. issue of Comparative Critical Studies 2.3 (2005): v-xiii.
Simons, John. Animal Rights and the Politics of Literary Representation. New York: Palgrave, 2002.
Smith, Julie Ann. Conference Report. The Representation of Animals. Ed. Steve Baker. Spec. issue of Society & Animals 9.3 (2001): 293-97.
Williams, Raymond. Culture and Society, 1780-1950. New York: Columbia UP, 1958
Wolfe, Cary. Animal Rites: American Culture, the Discourse of Species, and Posthumanist Theory. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2003.

Nasıl Atıf Yapılır

McHugh, Susan, Ece Alparslan, ve Cevat Sucu. “Edebiyatta Hayvan Araştırmaları: Bir Mi Birden Fazla mı?”. Nesir: Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, no. 1 (Ekim 28, 2021): 161–176. Erişim Ağustos 7, 2025. https://nesirdergisi.com/index.php/nesir/article/view/19.

Bu çalışma Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ile lisanslanmıştır.

[1] Allen, Mary. Animals in American Literature. Urbana: U of Illinois P, 1983.

[2] Berger, John. “Why Look at Animals?” About Looking. London: Writers and Readers, 1980: 1-26.

[3] Deleuze, Gilles and Félix Guattari. A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Trans. Brian Masssumi. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1987.

[4] Eagleton, Terry. Literary Theory: An Introduction. Second Edition. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1996.

[5] Elliot, T. S. “Tradition and the Individual Talent.” The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism. Ed. Vincent B. Leitch et al. New York: Norton, 2001: 1092-98.

[6] Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality, Volume 1: An Introduction. Trans. Robert Hurley. New York: Random House, 1978.

[7] Fudge, Erica. “The History of Animals.” Ruminations 1. H-Animal. Published: May 26, 2006.

[8] ———. Perceiving Animals: Humans and Beasts in Early Modern English Culture. New York: St. Martin’s P, 2000.

[9] Hall, Stuart. “Cultural Studies and Its Theoretical Legacies.” The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism. Ed. Vincent B. Leitch et al. New York: Norton, 2001. 1898-1910.

[10] Jameson, Fredric. The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1981.

[11] Kenyon-Jones, Christine. Kindred Brutes: Animals in Romantic-Period Writing. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2001.

[12] Lippit, Akira. Electric Animal: Toward a Rhetoric of Wildlife. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 2000.

[13] Malamud, Randy. Poetic Animals and Animal Souls. New York: Palgrave, 2003.

[14] ———. Reading Zoos: Representations of Animals and Captivity. New York: New York UP, 1998.

[15] Mason, Jennifer. Civilized Creatures: Urban Animals, Sentimental Culture, and American Literature, 1850-1900. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 2005.

[16] McKay, Robert. “BSE, Hysteria, and the Representation of Animal Death: Deborah Levy’s Diary of a Steak.” Killing Animals. The Animal Studies Group. Urbana: U of Illinois P, 2006. 145-69.

[17] Nelson, Barney. The Wild and the Domestic: Animal Representation, Ecocriticism, and Western American Literature. Reno: U of Nevada P, 2000.

[18] Norris, Margot. Beasts of the Modern Imagination: Darwin, Kafka, Nietzsche, Ernst, and Lawrence. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1985.

[19] Poe, Edgar Allen. “The Philosophy of Composition.” 1846. The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism. Ed. Vincent B. Leitch et al. New York: Norton, 2001: 742-50.

[20] Rothfels, Nigel. Savages and Beasts: The Birth of the Modern Zoo. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 2002.

[21] Shapiro, Kenneth, and Marion Copeland. “Toward a Critical Theory of Animal Issues in Fiction.” Society & Animals 13.4 (2005): 343-46.

[22] Shelley, Percy Bysshe. “A Defence of Poetry, or Remarks Suggested by an Essay Entitled ‘The Four Ages of Poetry.” 1821. The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism. Ed. Vincent B. Leitch et al. New York: Norton, 2001: 699-717.

[23] Scholtmeijer, Marion. Animal Victims in Modern Fiction: From Sanctity to Sacrifice. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1993.

[24] Seago, Karen and Karla Armbruster. Editor’s Introduction. Literary Beasts: The Representation of Animals in Contemporary Literature. Spec. issue of Comparative Critical Studies 2.3 (2005): v-xiii.

[25] Simons, John. Animal Rights and the Politics of Literary Representation. New York: Palgrave, 2002.

[26] Smith, Julie Ann. Conference Report. The Representation of Animals. Ed. Steve Baker. Spec. issue of Society & Animals 9.3 (2001): 293-97.

[27] Williams, Raymond. Culture and Society, 1780-1950. New York: Columbia UP, 1958

[28] Wolfe, Cary. Animal Rites: American Culture, the Discourse of Species, and Posthumanist Theory. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2003.